How the mixed systems affect the breeding and genetic improvement of the species producing red meat? The herds and flocks of farmers in settled areas with crop production are often small. In the cattle herds supplying milk to urban populations, meat is a secondary product. Sheep and goats are usually kept firstly for milk but with meat as an important second product. The main limitations on meat output from sheep are often the low litter size and lamb mortality. Goats, which are not suitable for meat production but are prolific. If crossbreeding is really desired by the herdsmen, first consideration should be given to the probability of crossing among different local breeds and not to crossing with exotic breeds. Where flocks and herds are small, selection by the individual farmer would be ineffective except for the elimination of unproductive animals. Co-operation among farmers and keeping some records would be essential.