The paper summarizes the major perceived issues and challenges related to aquaculture nutrition and feed development that will dictate the future sustainability or not of the sector over the coming decade. The major issues and challenges discussed in the paper concern aquaculture's dependency upon agricultural and fishery resources as fertiliser and feed inputs and its increasing competition with other users (i.e. humans and the animal livestock production sector) for these finite and valuable resources or farm inputs, and concerning the need to sustain and further increase aquaculture production in the face of increasing feed ingredient and farm input costs, static or decreasing market costs for the major cultivated finfish and crustacean species, and the increased awareness and degradation of the pristine aquatic environment. The paper also presents some general approaches concerning possible future research needs required to meet the above challenges so as to improve the overall efficiency of resource-use within aquaculture and for the development of improved and sustainable on-farm feeding strategies for use within semi-intensive and intensive farming systems.