Agriculture in the southern Mediterranean area suffers overall from a shortage of natural resources (water, cultivable land, etc.), inadequate infrastructure and limited access to the European market. This results in strong dependence of the countries concerned by food product imports. The degradation of the environment results essentially from the use of biotechnologies to increase production and the lack of control and legislation covering suitable use of water and land. The liberalization of agriculture should theoretically enhance the production of a number of products during the winter months, but the countries south and east of the Mediterranean suffer from CAP restrictions on the most profitable products. Farmers in the south are unable to benefit from European market openings because of high production costs, lack of information about organic crops and the lack of appropriate technologies. Liberalization can have very negative effects on the environmental and social sectors. Indeed, growth of the agricultural economic sector may aggravate existing problems, and in particular the overexploitation of land and natural resources, pollution, the disappearance of rural societies and impacts on health. The measures that are essential for ensuring better sustainable development policies are presented here.