The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of agricultural production and supply in Romania during the transition. Romania is well-endowed in agricultural resources and has a high potential for agricultural production, supply and exports. The private sector has dominated in agricultural production since the end of 1996, although the public sector has not been completely phased out. Production declined significantly during the transition as a result of the incomplete land restitution process, lack of management and marketing skills of the new land owners, lack of working capital and equipment, and slow privatisation of upstream and downstream industries. Consequently, exports declined sharply and Romania became a net importer of agro- food products, despite its rich agricultural resources.