In arid and semiarid countries of the Mediterranean region, water is a more limiting factor to production than land; hence, maximizing water productivity should have higher priority over maximizing yield in the strategies of water management. This implies that planning water and land use should be based on the comparative advantages of the dry areas, but, within the framework of maximizing the return from the limited available water resources. Achieving the greatest water productivity needed to resolve water shortage problems will not happen automatically. There is great need to find appropriate ways and proper tools for water saving and to achieve greater efficiency and equity in the irrigation system. Equally, procedures and practices for the assessment of the performance of irrigation must be improved with better management systems for water conveyance, allocation and distribution. Such issues, beside others, will be addressed in this paper, with major emphasis on the technical interventions that could be adopted in order to increase water productivity through water saving and the improvement of the rates in water use efficiency in irrigated agriculture.