This work contains the basic information about water resources availability and use in Syrian Arab Republic and illustrates the experiences related to the implementation of participatory approach in the management of water resources for agricultural purposes. In view of that, the following arguments are discussed: climatic characteristics, distribution of agro-ecological zones, water balance at national level, water use in agriculture, establishment of water user associations, their role and experiences, etc.. Particular attention is given to the role of water user associations in the rationalization and conservation of Syrian water resources. Moreover, the experiences of the pilot projects on the joint utilization of water resources are presented. Finally, this work reports a set of general recommendations priority actions - aiming to further improvement of agricultural production in Syria and to better use of water resources.