The analysis of genetic diversity in Mediterranean Hedysarum coronarium from Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Sardinia and Malta islands has enabled the inspection, collection, characterization and description of the area of distribution of this species. Regarding the wide and varied distribution area, these accessions constitute a genetic potential suitable for agronomic use either in valorisation and improvement of rangelands or in forage production. However, genetic erosion is observed in the North African countries. In addition, the molecular analysis carried out on five spontaneous populations and one cultivar, showed great genetic variability related to vegetative development, which has an impact on agronomic issues.