Heathland-pastures in Montseny Natural Park and Biosphere Reserve represent a small island (around 1000 ha) of Atlantic vegetation inside a Mediterranean region. On this mountain, communities of dwarf shrubs such as Calluna vulgaris had supported continuous grazing from sheep and goats for hundreds of years. During the second half of the XX century, changes in heathland management, such as fire prohibition or opening and subsequent abandonment of crop fields, have drastically reduced the heathland surface area, even under grazing conditions. Conservation of heathlands requires control of shrub encroachment and fern invasion by mechanical clipping or recovering traditional fire cycles.